Table of Contents
Chapter 1 MCQs in English; What, Where, How and When?
1. In ancient times, early humans mainly lived along the banks of which river?
Answer: C
The selection of habitation sites by early humans was based on their livelihood, security, and availability of resources. The banks of the Narmada River were one such important region where evidence of human habitation has been found from several hundred thousand years ago. This region had a continuous availability of water, which is essential for life. Along with this, dense forests were found around the Narmada valley, where a variety of animals, birds, and vegetation were available. This made it convenient for early humans to hunt and gather food items such as fruits, roots, tubers, and other forest produce.
The life of early humans was of a hunter-gatherer nature, so they chose such regions where diversity and continuity of resources were maintained. Living near rivers also provided them with fish, which served as an additional source of food. Moreover, the land near rivers is relatively flat, making it easier for groups to live together and build shelters.
Another important aspect of the Narmada valley is that stone tools have also been found here, which shows that early humans lived in this region for a long time and developed technology to adapt to their environment. The Ganga and Indus valleys became centers of civilization later, but in the context of early humans, the Narmada region was more significant.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1, Page 1)
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2. Consider the following statements:
I. Early humans lived along the banks of the Ganga River.
II. They collected roots, fruits, and forest produce for their food.
Answer: B
The life of early humans was completely dependent on natural resources, and they were mainly hunter-gatherers. They collected roots, fruits, tubers, and other forest produce from forests to fulfill their daily food requirements. In addition, they hunted animals, which provided them with meat. Thus, their life was entirely dependent on nature for obtaining food, and statement II correctly represents this lifestyle.
On the other hand, there is no evidence that early humans lived along the Ganga River. The major regions of early human habitation include the Narmada valley, where essential resources were easily available. The importance of the Ganga valley increased in later periods, especially when agriculture developed and permanent settlements began to emerge. Therefore, statement I is not correct in the context of early humans.
This question highlights that the importance of geographical regions changed over different phases of human history. For early humans, forests and riverbanks with abundant resources were important, whereas in later periods, fertile land for agriculture and permanent settlements became more significant.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1, Page 1)
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3. In which direction are the Sulaiman and Kirthar mountain ranges located?
Answer: B
The Sulaiman and Kirthar mountain ranges are located in the north-western part of the Indian subcontinent and hold an important place in the history of early humans. This region lies near present-day Pakistan and Afghanistan and served as a major route for human migration in ancient times. It was through the north-western direction that various human groups entered the Indian subcontinent, leading to cultural and biological exchanges.
The geographical features of this region were also suitable for early humans. Despite being a mountainous area, it provided water sources, vegetation, and an environment suitable for hunting. This helped humans obtain food, shelter, and security. In addition, several archaeological sites have been found around these mountains, from where stone tools and other remains have been discovered, providing evidence of early human habitation and activities.
Another important aspect of the north-western region is that it acted as a gateway for contact with the outside world, through which new ideas, technologies, and human groups entered the subcontinent. Thus, the Sulaiman and Kirthar mountain ranges are not only geographically important but also helpful in understanding the early development of human history.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1, Page 2)
4. Which of the following statements are not correct?
I. Men and women first began to grow rice.
II. They domesticated animals like sheep, goat, and cattle.
Answer: A
The development of agriculture and animal husbandry was a revolutionary change in human history, which completely transformed the direction of human life. Early humans lived as hunter-gatherers for a long time, but gradually they learned to control plants and animals. In north-western India and the adjoining regions, especially around the Sulaiman and Kirthar hills, evidence of early agriculture is found from about 8000 years ago. In this region, humans first began cultivating crops such as wheat and barley. This was because the seeds of these crops were suitable for the climate and soil of the region and were relatively easier to grow.
Statement I says that rice was the first crop to be cultivated, which is not factually correct. Rice cultivation developed at a later stage, especially in the Ganga valley and the regions north of the Vindhyas. Therefore, statement I is incorrect.
Statement II is correct because along with agriculture, humans also began animal domestication. Domestication of animals such as sheep, goat, and cattle proved highly beneficial. It provided milk, meat, leather, and labour for farming (such as ploughing). This change encouraged humans to adopt a settled life and establish villages.
Thus, this question tests the understanding of the early centres of agriculture and the sequence of crops, where wheat and barley came first, while rice developed later.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1, Page 2)
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5. In which of the following regions was the development of agriculture observed?
Answer: A
The development of agriculture was one of the most important changes in the history of human civilization, as it led humans to abandon a nomadic life and adopt a settled life. In the Indian subcontinent, agriculture developed in different regions at different times. The Vindhya hills of central India were one such important region where early evidence of agriculture is found.
The geographical conditions of the Vindhya region were favourable for agriculture because fertile soil, water sources, and a suitable climate were available. In this region, humans gradually learned farming and began to establish permanent settlements. In addition, regions located to the north of the Vindhyas show early evidence of rice cultivation, indicating that agricultural development took place with regional variations.
The Garo and Khasi hills are located in north-east India, where agriculture also developed later, but in the early context, the Vindhya region is considered more important. The Western Ghats are also suitable for agriculture, but the earliest evidence of agriculture is not as ancient there as in the Vindhya region.
This question is based on understanding that agriculture did not develop at a single place but in different regions under different conditions, and the Vindhya region was one of the key centres in this process.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1, Page 2)
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6. Match the following rivers with their tributaries:
List I (River) List II (Tributary)
i. Ganga a. Musi
ii. Indus b. Son
iii. Krishna c. Chambal
iv. Yamuna d. Chenab
Choose the correct answer from the options below:
Answer: B
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Solution:
To understand the Indian river system, correctly matching major rivers with their tributaries is very important, as it strengthens not only geographical knowledge but also historical understanding. The Ganga is a major river of northern India, and one of its important tributaries is the Son, which originates in central India and joins the Ganga. Therefore, i–b is correct.
The Indus River, which was the centre of ancient civilizations, has Chenab as one of its major tributaries. Chenab and other tributaries together enrich the Indus river system, so ii–d is correct.
The Krishna River is an important river of southern India, and its tributary is the Musi, which flows in the Telangana region. Therefore, iii–a is correct.
The Yamuna River has Chambal as an important tributary, which originates in central India and joins the Yamuna, influencing the water system of the region. Therefore, iv–c is correct.
Thus, the correct matching is i–b, ii–d, iii–a, iv–c. This question also highlights the importance of rivers and their tributaries in the development of agriculture, settlements, and civilizations.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1, Page 2)
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7. Which of the following hills are located in the north-east?
Answer: C
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Solution:
The geographical structure of the Indian subcontinent is highly diverse, consisting of various mountain ranges and hills. The north-eastern region of India is particularly hilly and forested, where the Garo, Khasi, and Jaintia hills are located. The Garo Hills are situated in the state of Meghalaya and this region is rich in natural resources.
The Vindhya and Satpura hills are located in central India and are not part of the north-eastern region. The Khasi Hills are also located in the north-east, but among the given options, the Garo Hills are specifically highlighted in the context where early human habitation and agricultural development are discussed.
The hills of north-east India are favourable for agriculture due to high rainfall, dense forests, and fertile land. In this region, humans gradually adopted a settled life and developed villages.
This question tests both geographical knowledge and the understanding of how natural features of different regions influence human life and economic activities.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1, Page 2)
8. The area around these rivers to the south of the Ganga was known by which name in ancient times?
Answer: A
In ancient India, river valleys were not only sources of water but also centres of political, economic, and cultural development. The Ganga river and its tributaries were particularly important because fertile alluvial soil was found in these regions, which made large-scale agriculture possible. To the south of the Ganga, especially around the Ganga and its tributary Son, the region was known as ‘Magadha’ in ancient times. This area lies in present-day Bihar and holds a very important place in Indian history.
Several geographical and economic factors contributed to the strength of Magadha. The fertile land promoted agriculture, resulting in sufficient food production and supporting a large population. Additionally, the availability of iron ore in this region allowed the production of strong tools and weapons. This is why the rulers of Magadha became more powerful compared to other regions and established a vast empire.
Magadha later gave rise to great empires such as the Mauryas and Guptas, making it the centre of Indian history. This question is based on understanding how geographical location and natural resources play a crucial role in the power and development of a state.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1, Page 3)
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9. Which of the following does not form a natural boundary of the subcontinent?
Answer: D
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Solution:
The geographical boundaries of the Indian subcontinent are mainly determined by natural features, which make it a distinct and independent geographical unit. In the north lies the vast Himalayan mountain range, which separates the subcontinent from Central Asia. In the west and east as well, mountains and hills define the boundaries of this region, while in the south, the sea separates it from other areas. All these natural boundaries have maintained the identity of the subcontinent for thousands of years.
Although these boundaries appear rigid, history shows that people have crossed them many times. Through trade, invasions, and cultural exchanges, different communities entered the subcontinent and enriched its culture. Thus, natural boundaries were not complete barriers but acted as controlled means of contact and exchange.
On the other hand, a dam is a man-made structure built for water storage, irrigation, and power generation. It is not a part of natural boundaries because it is created by humans and its existence can change over time.
This question highlights the difference between natural and artificial features and helps in understanding how geography influences history.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1, Page 3)
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10. Which of the following countries is not a part of the South Asian subcontinent?
Answer: C
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Solution:
The South Asian subcontinent is a vast and diverse region that includes countries such as India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka. This region is smaller than a continent but has a distinct identity due to its natural boundaries and cultural characteristics. It is separated from other regions by seas, mountains, and hills, which is why it is called a subcontinent.
China is not a part of this subcontinent; rather, it is a large and independent country located in East Asia. Although China is a neighbouring country of India and historically there have been trade and cultural contacts between the two regions, geographically it is not included in the South Asian subcontinent.
Countries of South Asia share several similarities, such as cultural traditions, historical development, and social structures. Since ancient times, there have been trade and cultural connections among these countries, which have given this region a unique identity.
This question tests the understanding of geographical classification and regional identity, which is important for both history and geography.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1, Page 3)
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11. Select the correct statements from the following:
I. Hills, mountains, and seas form the natural boundaries of the subcontinent.
II. It is called a subcontinent because it is separated by seas, hills, and mountains.
III. People in ancient times adopted each other’s ideas.
IV. The region south of the Ganga was called ‘Ujjayini’.
Answer: B
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Solution:
To understand the geographical and cultural identity of the Indian subcontinent, it is necessary to consider its natural boundaries and historical development together. Hills, mountains, and seas form the natural boundaries of this region, separating it from other areas and establishing it as a distinct geographical unit, so statement I is correct. This is also why the region, although smaller than a continent, is called a ‘subcontinent’ due to its unique geographical characteristics, making statement II correct.
History also shows that these natural boundaries were not complete barriers. Despite them, people continued to move across regions. Different groups came into contact with each other and shared new ideas related to art, music, technology, and ways of life, leading to cultural enrichment, which makes statement III correct.
In contrast, statement IV is factually incorrect because the region south of the Ganga was known as ‘Magadha’, which was a powerful mahajanapada of ancient India, whereas ‘Ujjayini’ was the capital of the Avanti region and located elsewhere.
Thus, the question tests the combined understanding of geographical boundaries, cultural exchange, and historical regions, and the correct answer includes the statements that accurately represent these aspects.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1, Page 3–4)
12. The word ‘India’ is derived from which of the following words?
Answer: D
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Solution:
The origin of the word ‘India’ is historically and linguistically very important, as it shows how external contacts influenced the identity of the country. The word is derived from ‘Indus’, which is called ‘Sindhu’ in Sanskrit. The Indus River was extremely important in ancient times, and early civilizations developed around it. About 2500 years ago, people coming from the north-west, such as the Iranians and Greeks, referred to this river as ‘Hidos’ or ‘Indos’. They called the land to the east of this river ‘India’, which gradually became the commonly used name for the entire country.
This process shows that the naming of a region does not depend only on internal traditions, but external contacts and cultural exchanges also play an important role. On the other hand, the name ‘Bharat’ also has its own historical significance, which is linked to an ancient tribe called the ‘Bharatas’, and it is mentioned in ancient texts such as the Rigveda. Over time, both ‘Bharat’ and ‘India’ came to be used simultaneously and are still used today.
Thus, this question is based on understanding the historical process of naming and the role of cultural interactions.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1, Page 4)
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13. Select the incorrect statement from the following:
I. The word India is derived from Indus.
II. The name Bharat was used for a group of people.
III. Manuscripts were written on palm leaves or birch bark.
IV. The Greeks called this land Bharat.
Answer: B
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Solution:
This question requires understanding the naming of ancient India, cultural traditions, and methods of preserving knowledge. The word ‘India’ is derived from ‘Indus’, which is called ‘Sindhu’ in Sanskrit, so statement I is correct. Similarly, the name ‘Bharat’ was initially used for a group of people living in the north-west, as mentioned in the Rigveda, making statement II correct. Over time, this name came to be used for the entire country.
Statement III is also correct because in ancient times, manuscripts were used to preserve written knowledge. These were written by hand on palm leaves or on birch bark (bhojpatra) found in the Himalayan region. These manuscripts are important sources of information related to history, religion, literature, and science.
Statement IV is incorrect because the Greeks and Iranians referred to this land as ‘India’, not ‘Bharat’. The name ‘Bharat’ comes from Indian tradition and is associated with local cultural identity.
Thus, the question tests a detailed understanding of historical facts, and the correct answer identifies the incorrect statement.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1, Page 4)
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14. Manuscripts were made from the bark of which tree?
Answer: B
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Solution:
In ancient India, before the development of paper and printing technology, manuscripts were the main medium for preserving knowledge and passing it from one generation to another. These manuscripts were written by hand and required materials that were suitable for writing and could also be preserved for a long time. In India, palm leaves and birch bark were mainly used. Birch bark (bhojpatra) was prepared from the bark of the birch tree found in the Himalayan region. This bark was carefully peeled, dried, and flattened to make it suitable for writing.
The bark of the birch tree was chosen because it is light, flexible, and relatively durable, allowing written material to be preserved for a long time. These manuscripts contained information on various subjects such as religious texts, philosophical ideas, medicinal knowledge, mathematical concepts, literary works, and historical records. This knowledge is extremely important for understanding the development of society, culture, and science during that time.
Although preserving these manuscripts was not easy, as many were destroyed over time due to insects, moisture, and other natural factors, many manuscripts still survive today. Thus, birch bark manuscripts played a crucial role in preserving the knowledge tradition of ancient India.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1, Page 4)
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15. Where are manuscripts generally found?
Answer: A
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Solution:
In ancient times, manuscripts were the most important means of preserving knowledge related to religion, literature, and science. To ensure their safety and accessibility, they were kept in places where they could be protected and studied by scholars. Temples and monasteries were considered the most suitable places for this purpose because they were not only centres of religious activities but also centres of education and learning.
In Buddhist monasteries, monks lived and engaged in studying, writing, and teaching, which naturally led to the accumulation of manuscripts. Similarly, temples also preserved religious texts and other important manuscripts. These places were relatively quiet, protected, and organized, making it possible to preserve manuscripts for long periods.
Over time, many manuscripts were destroyed due to insects, moisture, and natural causes, but a large number still survive today. These manuscripts provide valuable information about ancient society, culture, religion, and science.
Forts and palaces were mainly centres of administration and political activity, so preserving manuscripts was not their primary function. Mountains are natural locations but not suitable for systematic storage and preservation. Thus, temples and monasteries emerged as the main centres for preserving knowledge.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1, Page 5)
16. Identify the incorrect statement(s) from the following:
I. Manuscripts contain information about religious beliefs, lives of kings, and medicines.
II. Manuscripts are found in temples and monasteries.
III. Prakrit language was used by the upper classes.
Answer: B
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Solution:
Manuscripts are an important source of knowledge and historical information from ancient times, through which we get detailed insights into the society, religion, politics, and science of that period. They contain information about religious beliefs, social practices, the lives of kings, medicines, and scientific knowledge, which makes statement I correct. In addition, manuscripts are generally preserved in temples and monasteries because these places were centres of education and learning, where scholars lived and knowledge was preserved, making statement II also correct.
Statement III is incorrect because Prakrit was used by the common people, whereas Sanskrit was mainly the language of scholars and the upper classes. This distinction shows that language usage in society varied according to class and social status. Prakrit and other local languages were used in daily life, while Sanskrit was used for religious and classical texts.
Thus, this question tests the understanding of the content of manuscripts, their preservation, and the social use of language, where the correct answer is the one that identifies only the incorrect statement.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1, Page 5)
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17. A person who studies objects made in the past is called:
Answer: B
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Solution:
To understand history, it is not sufficient to rely only on written sources, because there are many aspects of the past that are not mentioned in written records. In such cases, the study of physical objects made and used by ancient people becomes extremely important. These objects include tools, pottery, ornaments, remains of buildings, and other materials, which provide valuable information about the life, technology, and social structure of people in that time.
A specialist who studies these objects is called an archaeologist. Archaeologists use the process of excavation to uncover remains buried beneath the ground. In this process, objects are carefully removed and scientifically analyzed. The information obtained through this method helps us understand aspects of the past that are not available in written sources.
Writers and historians also study the past, but they mainly depend on written records, whereas archaeologists draw conclusions based on physical evidence. Thus, archaeology is an important and complementary tool in the study of history, providing a more comprehensive and accurate understanding of the past.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1, Page 5)
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18. The Chehel Zina inscription, about 2250 years old, was found in Kandahar (present-day Afghanistan). It was commissioned by which ruler?
Answer: B
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Solution:
Ashoka Maurya was one of the most important rulers in Indian history, who not only strengthened administrative systems during his reign but also gave special emphasis to the promotion of moral values. The inscription found in Kandahar, present-day Afghanistan, dating back about 2250 years, is evidence of the vast expansion of the Mauryan Empire and its influence beyond the boundaries of India.
Ashoka propagated the principles of ‘Dhamma’ through his inscriptions, which emphasized non-violence, compassion, tolerance, and ethical conduct. He had these messages inscribed in different languages and scripts so that they could be understood by a larger population. The Kandahar inscription is also a part of this effort, showing that Ashoka wanted to spread his ideas and policies even to the distant regions of his empire.
This inscription also proves that communication systems were developed in ancient India, and rulers used written mediums to convey their orders and ideas to the people. Thus, inscriptions are not only historical evidence but also reflect the social, political, and religious ideas of that time.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1, Page 5)
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19. Choose the correct statements from the following:
I. In ancient times, the lives of different groups were different from each other.
II. People of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands obtained food by hunting and fishing.
III. Dates after the birth of Jesus Christ are called BCE.
IV. People living in cities depend on others for food supply.
Answer: A
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Solution:
In the study of history, it is very important to understand that the past was not uniform; rather, there was considerable diversity in the lives of different groups of people. In ancient times, the lives of farmers, pastoralists, traders, and kings were clearly different from each other, which makes statement I correct. Similarly, even today, the people living in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands depend on hunting, fishing, and collecting forest produce for their livelihood, which reflects early human life, making statement II correct.
Statement III is incorrect because dates after the birth of Jesus Christ are called CE (Common Era), while dates before his birth are called BCE (Before Common Era). Statement IV may generally be correct, as people in cities often depend on others for food supply, but according to the given options, the correct answer includes only statements I and II.
This question tests the understanding of social diversity, lifestyle patterns, and concepts of time calculation in history.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1, Page 7)
20. Who among the following was the founder of Christianity?
Answer: C
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Solution:
Jesus Christ is considered the founder of Christianity. He was born about 2000 years ago, and Christianity developed based on his teachings. His life and teachings had a profound impact on world history, society, and culture. In his teachings, Jesus Christ emphasized the values of love, compassion, forgiveness, and humanity. He conveyed the message that all human beings are equal and should treat each other with kindness and sympathy. His ideas not only influenced religious life but also gave a new direction to social relationships and moral values.
In history, the importance of Jesus Christ is not limited to religion alone but also extends to the system of time calculation. The calendar system is based on his birth, where the dates after his birth are called ‘Common Era’ (CE), and the dates before his birth are called ‘Before Common Era’ (BCE). Thus, his birth is considered an important historical reference point.
On the other hand, Mahatma Buddha was the founder of Buddhism, Mahavira was the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism, and Saint Xavier was a missionary of Christianity, not its founder. Therefore, among the given options, only Jesus Christ is correctly identified as the founder of Christianity. This question tests the understanding of founders of different religions and their historical significance.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1, Page 7)
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21. The calculation of years is based on the birth of whom?
Answer: A
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Solution:
Time calculation is an important aspect of the development of human civilization, through which we can understand events in a chronological order. The calendar system used in most parts of the world today is based on the birth of Jesus Christ. His birth is considered a major reference point for calculating years. Dates after his birth are called ‘Common Era’ (CE), while dates before his birth are called ‘Before Common Era’ (BCE).
This system is important because it provides a uniform global standard, making it possible to coordinate time across different regions and cultures. Although different civilizations developed their own systems of time calculation, such as the Vikram Samvat or the Hijri calendar, the system based on the birth of Jesus Christ is more widely used in the modern global context.
Mahatma Buddha, Mahavira, and Prophet Muhammad were also great religious figures, but the general calculation of years is not based on their birth. This question tests the understanding of the basic concept and historical basis of time calculation.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1, Page 7)
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22. Consider the following statements regarding the means of livelihood of early humans living in the Narmada valley:
I. They depended only on hunting.
II. They collected roots, fruits, and other food items from forests.
III. They had good knowledge of plants and natural resources around them.
Answer: B
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Solution:
The Narmada valley is one of the major regions of the Indian subcontinent where evidence of early human habitation has been found. The people living in this region are referred to as hunter-gatherers because their livelihood depended on both hunting and gathering. Statement I says that they depended only on hunting, which is not factually correct. The life of early humans was not based on a single activity; instead, they used multiple methods to obtain food. They collected roots, fruits, tubers, and other forest produce, which makes statement II correct. Along with this, they also hunted animals, which provided them with protein-rich food.
Statement III is also correct because early humans had a deep understanding of their surrounding natural environment. They knew which plants were edible, which had medicinal value, and which should be avoided. This knowledge was based on their experience and was passed down from one generation to another.
Thus, their life was entirely dependent on nature, and they lived in close connection with their environment. This question highlights that the life of early humans was multidimensional and not limited to hunting alone; gathering was also an essential part of their livelihood.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1)
23. Match the following correctly with reference to different regions of the Indian subcontinent and their historical development:
List I (i–iv) List II (a–d)
i. Sulaiman-Kirthar region a. Powerful state located south of the Ganga
ii. Indus river region b. Development of early agriculture
iii. Ganga valley c. Development of early cities (about 4700 years ago)
iv. Magadha d. Development of later cities (about 2500 years ago)
Choose the correct answer from the options below:
Answer: A
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Solution:
The development of civilization in the Indian subcontinent took place in different geographical regions at different times, and each region had its own distinct historical significance. The Sulaiman and Kirthar region is located in the north-west, where about 8000 years ago humans first began cultivating wheat and barley. This was an important turning point in human history because it marked the beginning of food production and the gradual shift towards settled life, therefore i-b is correct.
Along the Indus river and its tributaries, early cities developed about 4700 years ago, which we know as the Indus Valley Civilization. This civilization is known for its well-planned cities, drainage systems, and trade activities, therefore ii-c is correct.
In the Ganga valley, cities developed about 2500 years ago, which is associated with the Mahajanapada period and the process of state formation, therefore iii-d is correct.
The region south of the Ganga was known as ‘Magadha’ in ancient times, which developed into a powerful state and later laid the foundation for large empires, therefore iv-a is correct.
This question tests the ability to establish a connection between geographical and historical facts, which is extremely important for higher-level examinations.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1)
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24. Arrange the following events in chronological order (earliest to latest) with reference to major stages of human development and civilization in the Indian subcontinent:
1. Rise of Magadha
2. Beginning of agriculture (cultivation of wheat and barley)
3. Development of cities in the Ganga valley
4. Development of cities in the Indus civilization
Answer: A
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Solution:
In the study of history, arranging events in the correct chronological order is essential because it helps in understanding the entire process of development clearly. The earliest event was the beginning of agriculture, which occurred about 8000 years ago and marked a major turning point in human history, as it led to food production and laid the foundation for settled life.
After this, around 4700 years ago, cities of the Indus civilization developed, representing the first major example of urbanization, characterized by well-planned cities, drainage systems, and trade activities.
Later, around 2500 years ago, cities developed in the Ganga valley, representing the second phase of urbanization, associated with the rise of Mahajanapadas and early states.
Finally, the rise of Magadha took place, which emerged as a powerful political entity and later laid the foundation for large empires such as the Mauryan Empire.
Thus, the correct sequence is 2 → 4 → 3 → 1, which reflects the gradual process of human development. This question tests the candidate’s understanding of history and the ability to connect different events.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1)
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25. Consider the following statements regarding the reasons for human movement (migration) in the Indian subcontinent:
I. People moved only for the purpose of war.
II. People also moved in search of livelihood and to escape natural disasters.
III. Traders travelled for the exchange of goods.
Answer: B
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Solution:
In the Indian subcontinent, movement of people has been a continuous and common process since ancient times. The idea that people moved only for the purpose of war does not present the complete reality, so statement I is incorrect. In fact, there were several reasons for migration, the most important being the search for livelihood. People moved from one place to another in search of better resources, fertile land, water sources, and food availability.
In addition, natural disasters such as floods, droughts, and other environmental crises forced people to leave their places of residence, making statement II correct.
Trade was also an important reason for movement. Traders travelled long distances carrying valuable goods, which helped in establishing economic and cultural connections between different regions. Thus, statement III is also correct.
Apart from this, religious teachers, soldiers, and adventurous individuals also travelled, leading to the exchange of ideas, technologies, and cultures between regions. Therefore, migration was not limited to a single reason but was a multidimensional process that played an important role in enriching Indian society and culture.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1)
26. Match the following correctly:
List I (i–iv) List II (a–d)
i. Trader a. Spread of teachings and knowledge
ii. Religious teacher b. Exploration of new places
iii. Adventurous traveler c. Trade of goods
iv. Soldier d. Conquest of other regions
Choose the correct answer from the options below:
Answer: A
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Solution:
In ancient times, different types of people traveled for different purposes, and each group had its own specific role. Traders traveled for the exchange of goods, which established economic connections between different regions, so i-c is correct. Religious teachers moved from village to village and town to town, spreading teachings and knowledge, so ii-a is correct. Adventurous travelers journeyed in search of new places and were driven by curiosity to learn about new lands and cultures, so iii-b is correct. Soldiers aimed to conquer other regions and expand their kingdoms, so iv-d is correct.
This question is based on understanding that different groups in ancient society had distinct roles and purposes for traveling. All these activities together promoted cultural and economic development and established connections between different regions.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1)
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27. Arrange the following events in correct chronological order based on their historical significance:
1. Exchange of ideas between people of different regions
2. Continuation of travel despite natural barriers (mountains, seas)
3. Movement of people for various purposes (trade, war, religion)
4. Development of diverse cultures in the subcontinent
Answer: A
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Solution:
To understand the historical process, it is important to identify the cause-and-effect relationship between events in the correct sequence. First, natural barriers such as mountains, seas, and deserts shaped the geography of the subcontinent and made travel difficult, so step 2 comes first. Despite these barriers, people continued to travel for various reasons such as trade, war, and religious purposes, making step 3 the next stage.
As people moved from one place to another, they carried their ideas, technologies, and cultural traditions with them, leading to the exchange of ideas between different regions, so step 1 follows. Finally, as a result of this process, diverse cultures developed in the subcontinent, making step 4 the last stage.
Thus, the correct order is 2 → 3 → 1 → 4. This question tests not only the sequence of events but also the understanding of relationships between them and the depth of the historical process.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1)
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28. Consider the following statements:
I. Natural boundaries of the subcontinent completely prevented movement of people.
II. Some people crossed these boundaries and settled in new regions.
III. People from outside also came and settled in the subcontinent.
Answer: B
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Solution:
The geographical structure of the Indian subcontinent includes natural boundaries such as mountains, seas, and deserts, which separate it from other regions. Although these boundaries made travel difficult, it is not correct to say that they completely prevented movement, so statement I is incorrect. History provides many examples where people crossed these boundaries and settled in new areas, making statement II correct.
Additionally, many people from outside the subcontinent came and settled here, contributing to cultural diversity and enrichment, so statement III is also correct. These movements led to the exchange of cultures, languages, and traditions, making Indian society more diverse and rich.
Thus, this question is based on understanding the relationship between geographical boundaries and human activity, showing that natural barriers were not absolute obstacles but had limited influence in the face of human curiosity and necessity.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1)
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29. Consider the following statements regarding early settlements and use of resources in the Indian subcontinent:
I. Early humans settled only in areas where agriculture was possible.
II. Water sources and forest resources were major factors for early settlements.
III. Availability of animals and plants was important for early humans in selecting locations.
Answer: B
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Solution:
The choice of habitation by early humans was based on their means of livelihood, which depended mainly on hunting and gathering. It is important to understand that in the early stages of human history, agriculture had not yet developed, so the statement that they settled only in areas suitable for agriculture is factually incorrect. Early humans preferred to live near rivers, lakes, and other water sources, because water is a basic necessity of life and such areas also had abundant vegetation and animals. Thus, statement II is correct.
In addition, the availability of sufficient food was also an important factor in choosing a location. Forests provided roots, fruits, tubers, and animals for hunting, which formed the basis of their life, making statement III correct. This clearly shows that early settlements depended on the availability of natural resources rather than agriculture.
This question tests whether the candidate correctly understands the early stages of human development, as a common misconception is that humans depended on agriculture from the beginning, whereas in reality, hunting and gathering were their primary means of survival.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1: What, Where, How and When?, Page 1–2)
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30. Which of the following statements best explains the development of cultural diversity in the Indian subcontinent?
Answer: C
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Solution:
To understand the cultural diversity of the Indian subcontinent, it is necessary to understand the process of interaction and exchange among people. Although geographical features such as the Himalayas, seas, and deserts made travel difficult, they did not completely prevent movement. People continued to move from one place to another for various reasons such as trade, search for livelihood, religious purposes, and sometimes military expeditions. This continuous movement led to the exchange of ideas, technologies, traditions, and lifestyles among people of different regions.
Option A is incorrect because natural boundaries did not lead to complete isolation. Option B is also incorrect because movement was not limited but continuous. Option D may be partially correct, but cultural development was not limited to the expansion of rulers; it was the result of interactions among different sections of society.
Option C is the most appropriate as it reflects the true cause of cultural diversity. This question tests whether the candidate understands cultural development as a dynamic process rather than a static one.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1: What, Where, How and When?, Page 3–4)
31. Consider the following statements:
I. Early cities developed only along sea coasts.
II. Cities of the Indus Valley developed near river systems.
III. Urbanization in the Ganga valley developed after the Indus civilization.
Answer: B
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Solution:
Urbanization in the Indian subcontinent developed in different phases and was mainly concentrated around water sources. Statement I is incorrect because early cities did not develop only along sea coasts. In fact, most early cities developed around river valleys, where water, fertile land, and transportation facilities were available.
Statement II is correct because the cities of the Indus Valley Civilization developed along the Indus River and its tributaries. This civilization is known for its well-planned urban layout, advanced drainage systems, and trade activities, which reflect a high level of urban development at that time.
Statement III is also correct because urbanization in the Ganga valley developed after the Indus civilization. This was around 2500 years ago, when the Mahajanapadas emerged and cities developed.
This question tests the understanding of the development of urbanization, its geographical basis, and the relationship between different historical phases.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1: What, Where, How and When?, Page 2–3)
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32. Consider the following statements regarding the development of cultural diversity in the Indian subcontinent:
I. Movement of people promoted exchange of ideas between different regions.
II. Due to natural barriers, there was no contact between different regions.
III. Interaction among different groups enriched cultural traditions.
Answer: B
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Solution:
The cultural diversity of the Indian subcontinent is the result of a long historical process in which movement of people and interaction played a significant role. Statement I is correct because when people moved from one place to another, they carried their ideas, technologies, languages, and traditions with them, leading to cultural exchange between regions. This exchange was not limited to material goods but also included knowledge, beliefs, art, and ways of life.
Statement II is incorrect because although natural barriers such as mountains and seas made travel difficult, they did not completely prevent contact. There are many historical examples of people crossing these barriers and establishing connections between regions.
Statement III is correct because interaction among different groups enriched cultural traditions and led to the development of diversity in society. Thus, Indian culture evolved as a composite and multidimensional form, shaped by the interaction of various traditions and ideas.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1)
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33. Match the following (human activity and its purpose):
List I (i–iv) List II (a–d)
i. Pastoralists/Farmers a. Spread of knowledge and teachings
ii. Traders b. Search for resources for livelihood
iii. Religious teachers c. Exchange of goods
iv. Adventurous travelers d. Exploration of new places
Code:
Answer: A
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Solution:
In human society, different groups of people have different roles and purposes, which contribute to overall development. Pastoralists and farmers mainly searched for resources for their livelihood, such as fertile land, water sources, and grazing grounds, so i-b is correct. Traders traveled for the exchange of goods and established economic connections between regions, so ii-c is correct. Religious teachers spread moral and spiritual teachings by traveling from village to village, so iii-a is correct. Adventurous travelers explored new places driven by curiosity and the desire to discover new lands and experiences, so iv-d is correct.
This question is based on understanding that different groups in society perform different functions and their activities contribute to economic, cultural, and social development.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1)
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34. Choose the correct sequence considering the cause-effect relationship among the following events:
1. Contact between people of different regions
2. Exchange of goods and ideas
3. Development of cultural diversity
4. Movement of people from one place to another
Answer: A
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Solution:
To understand the historical process, it is necessary to identify the cause-and-effect relationship between events. First, people moved from one place to another due to reasons such as search for livelihood, trade, war, and religious purposes, so step 4 comes first. When people traveled, contact between them was established, making step 1 the next stage. This contact led to the exchange of goods, ideas, technologies, and cultural traditions, making step 2 follow. Finally, this entire process resulted in the development of cultural diversity, making step 3 the last stage.
This sequence shows how human activities function as a chain and ultimately contribute to the development and diversity of society. This question tests not only the sequence of events but also the deeper understanding of their relationships.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1)
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35. Consider the following statements:
I. The natural boundaries of the subcontinent were completely impassable.
II. People crossed these boundaries and moved to other regions.
III. People from outside also came and settled in the subcontinent.
Answer: B
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Solution:
The geographical structure of the Indian subcontinent includes natural boundaries such as mountains, seas, and deserts, which separate it from other regions. Although these boundaries made travel difficult, it is not correct to say that they were completely impassable, so statement I is incorrect. History provides many examples of people crossing these boundaries and settling in new regions, making statement II correct.
In addition, many people from outside came and settled in the subcontinent, contributing to cultural diversity and enrichment, so statement III is also correct. These movements led to the exchange of cultures, languages, and traditions, making Indian society more diverse and dynamic.
Thus, it becomes clear that natural boundaries were not absolute barriers; they only made travel challenging, while human curiosity, necessity, and determination enabled people to overcome them. This question tests the understanding of the relationship between geographical and social processes.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1)
36. Which of the following statements best expresses the “knowledge-based life” of early humans?
Answer: C
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Solution:
The life of early humans was not limited only to the instinct of survival, but was based on deep experience and knowledge. They had a very detailed understanding of their surrounding environment, which included knowledge of plants, animal behavior, seasonal changes, and availability of water sources. This knowledge helped them identify which plants were edible, which could be used as medicine, and which should be avoided. They also observed animal behavior to develop hunting strategies and changed their locations according to seasons.
If we look at options A and B, they present early humans as passive beings, which is incorrect. Option D is also incorrect because they depended on a variety of food sources. The correct option C shows that their life was based on experience, observation, and knowledge.
Thus, this question clarifies that early humans were not merely struggling for survival, but were living with a deep understanding and connection with nature.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1)
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37. Which of the following options best represents the reason for the “beginning of settled life”?
Answer: B
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Solution:
The beginning of settled life was a major turning point in human history, and its main cause was the development of agriculture. When humans learned to cultivate crops, they no longer needed to move continuously in search of food. Before this, humans were hunter-gatherers and kept moving from place to place in search of food. But with the development of agriculture, they began to settle in one place, leading to the formation of villages and the gradual development of civilization.
Abundance of hunting (A) cannot lead to settled life because hunting resources are limited and can be exhausted quickly. The presence of mountains (C) is only a geographical feature and has no direct relation to settled life. Drying of rivers (D) would create the opposite situation and force people to move.
Thus, agriculture provided humans with a stable system of food production, which led to social organization, settlement development, and eventually the rise of civilization. This question is based on understanding when and how the biggest transformation in human life occurred.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1)
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38. Consider the following statements:
I. All early cities developed only along rivers.
II. Rivers were an important source of transport and water supply.
Answer: B
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Solution:
Rivers played a very important role in the development of ancient civilizations because they provided water, fertile land, and a means of transportation. Therefore, statement II is correct. Regions along rivers were suitable for agriculture, which supported large populations and led to the development of cities.
However, statement I is not completely correct because it uses the word “only.” It is an exaggeration to say that all cities developed only along rivers. Although most early cities developed near rivers, later cities also developed along sea coasts and in other regions.
Thus, this question tests the ability to identify “absolute statement traps,” which are very important in UPSC-level questions.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1)
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39. Which of the following options best represents the “spread of ideas”?
Answer: C
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Solution:
The spread of ideas does not occur only through the exchange of goods or through war, but mainly through interaction and communication among people. When people move from one place to another, they carry their ideas, beliefs, languages, and traditions with them. This leads to cultural and intellectual exchange between different regions.
Options A and D are related only to power and control and do not fully represent the spread of ideas. Option B represents trade, which is limited to the exchange of goods, whereas the spread of ideas is a broader process.
Thus, the correct answer is C, which shows that the spread of ideas occurs through human interaction and communication. This question tests the understanding of the process of cultural exchange.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1)
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40. Which of the following statements best explains the concept of the term “subcontinent”?
Answer: B
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Solution:
The term ‘subcontinent’ is a geographical concept that refers to a large landmass that is smaller than a continent but has a distinct geographical identity. The Indian subcontinent is surrounded by seas, mountains, and hills, which separate it from other regions. This is why it is called a subcontinent.
Option A is incorrect because it is not an island. Option C is also incorrect because it is not just a single country but includes several countries. Option D is incomplete because it is not only a cultural concept but also a geographical one.
Thus, the correct answer is B, which accurately describes the geographical characteristics of a subcontinent. This question tests the understanding of the relationship between geography and history.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1)
41. Based on the study of human life in ancient times, which of the following options correctly explains the aspects of the lives of people in the past that we can know about?
Answer: C
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Solution:
The study of the past is not limited only to political events or the lives of rulers, but it is a comprehensive process of understanding various aspects of human life. When we study history, we get the opportunity to know what people ate, what kinds of clothes they wore, and what kinds of houses they lived in. Along with this, we can also learn about their daily life, social structure, economic activities, and cultural traditions.
In ancient society, there were different types of people such as hunters, pastoralists, farmers, traders, craftsmen, and artists, whose lives and work were different. History helps us understand how these people lived and which aspects of their lives were important.
Thus, the study of history does not provide limited information but helps in understanding the complete nature of human life, therefore the correct answer is option C.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1)
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42. With reference to the life of early humans living along the banks of the Narmada River, which of the following statements best describes their method of obtaining food?
Answer: C
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Solution:
The early humans living along the banks of the Narmada River were hunter-gatherers whose life was entirely dependent on nature. At that time, agriculture and animal husbandry had not yet developed, so they obtained their food through hunting and gathering. They collected roots, fruits, tubers, and other forest produce from the जंगल, which provided them with plant-based food. Along with this, they also hunted animals, which provided them with meat.
This lifestyle kept them very close to nature and gave them a deep understanding of their environment. They knew which plants were edible and which were not, and which animals were safe to hunt.
Thus, their life was multidimensional, and they did not depend on a single type of food but obtained food from multiple sources. Therefore, the correct answer is option C.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1)
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43. With reference to the historical importance of the Sulaiman and Kirthar regions located in the north-west, which of the following options is most appropriate?
Answer: B
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Solution:
The Sulaiman and Kirthar regions are located in north-western India and are considered extremely important for the early development of agriculture in human history. About 8000 years ago, humans first began cultivating crops such as wheat and barley in this region. This was an important turning point in human history because it marked the beginning of food production and the gradual transition toward a settled life.
Along with the development of agriculture, humans also began practicing animal husbandry and domesticated animals such as sheep, goats, and cattle. This made food sources more stable and led to the development of villages.
This transformation was a major step in the development of human civilization, as it enabled social organization, economic activities, and permanent settlements. Therefore, the correct answer is option B.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1)
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44. With reference to the developments that took place about 4700 years ago along the Indus River and its tributaries, which of the following options is correct?
Answer: B
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Solution:
About 4700 years ago, an important civilization developed along the Indus River and its tributaries, which we know as the Indus Valley Civilization. The most important feature of this civilization was the development of well-planned cities, with organized streets, drainage systems, and residential structures.
This civilization represents one of the earliest examples of urban life, where people began to settle permanently and form organized societies. Trade, craftsmanship, and other economic activities also developed here, making the region prosperous.
Thus, this question is based on understanding that the Indus region was an important center of urban development in human civilization, and therefore the correct answer is option B.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1)
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45. With reference to the historical importance of the region located south of the Ganga River and its tributary Son, which of the following options is correct?
Answer: B
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Solution:
The region located south of the Ganga River and its tributary Son was known as ‘Magadha’ in ancient times, which lies in present-day Bihar. This region holds great importance in Indian history because it was the center of a powerful state that later laid the foundation for large empires. The strength of Magadha was mainly due to its geographical advantages, such as fertile land, abundant water resources, and availability of natural resources.
This region was highly suitable for agriculture, which resulted in high food production and supported a large population. In addition, the availability of iron ore allowed the production of strong tools and weapons, which made the rulers of Magadha more powerful compared to other regions.
Magadha later gave rise to great empires such as the Maurya and Gupta empires, making it the center of Indian history. Thus, this question is based on understanding the relationship between geographical and political development, and the correct answer is Magadha.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1)
46. With reference to the major reasons for people moving from one place to another in the Indian subcontinent, which of the following options is most appropriate?
Answer: C
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Solution:
In ancient times, the movement of people was a common and important process, driven by various reasons. The idea that people traveled only for war is not correct. In reality, there were multiple reasons behind migration. The most important reason was the search for livelihood, where people moved from one place to another in search of better resources, fertile land, and water sources.
Apart from this, trade was also an important factor. Traders traveled long distances carrying different types of goods, which led to the expansion of economic activities. War and territorial expansion were also reasons, where soldiers and rulers traveled to conquer other regions. Additionally, some people traveled out of curiosity and an adventurous spirit to explore new places.
Religious teachers also moved across regions to spread knowledge and teachings. Thus, migration was a multidimensional process that helped establish cultural and economic connections between different regions. Therefore, the correct answer is option C.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1)
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47. Which of the following is the most appropriate reason why the Indian subcontinent is called a ‘subcontinent’?
Answer: C
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Solution:
The Indian subcontinent is called a ‘subcontinent’ because it is a large geographical region that, although smaller than a continent, has its own distinct geographical identity. It is surrounded by seas, mountains, and hills, which separate it from other regions. The Himalayas in the north, seas in the south, and other geographical features make this region unique.
Due to these natural boundaries, it developed as a distinct geographical unit, but it was not completely isolated. People crossed these boundaries and maintained contact between different regions, which enabled cultural and economic exchange.
This question is based on understanding geographical features and their impact, showing that the term ‘subcontinent’ reflects not only size but also geographical distinctiveness. Therefore, the correct answer is option C.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1)
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48. With reference to the livelihood methods of early humans, which of the following options is correct?
Answer: C
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Solution:
The life of early humans was entirely dependent on nature, and at that time agriculture, trade, and animal husbandry had not yet developed. Therefore, they obtained food through hunting and gathering. They collected roots, fruits, tubers, and other forest produce, which provided plant-based food. Along with this, they hunted animals, which provided meat.
This lifestyle is known as that of hunter-gatherers and represents the earliest stage of human development. It kept them closely connected with nature and gave them a good understanding of their environment.
Thus, this question is based on understanding the lifestyle of early humans, where it is clear that they did not depend on a single activity but engaged in both hunting and gathering. Therefore, the correct answer is option C.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1)
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49. With reference to the development of cities in the Ganga valley about 2500 years ago, which of the following options is correct?
Answer: B
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Solution:
The development of cities in the Ganga valley about 2500 years ago represents the second phase of urbanization in Indian history. Earlier, around 4700 years ago, cities had developed in the Indus Valley, which is considered the first phase of urbanization. Therefore, the development in the Ganga valley is considered later urban development.
The fertile land and availability of water resources in the Ganga valley promoted agriculture, which supported a large population and led to the growth of cities. Along with this, trade, administration, and other activities made this region important.
This question is based on understanding different phases of urbanization, making it clear that the Ganga valley development occurred later, not earlier. Therefore, the correct answer is option B.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1)
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50. As a result of interaction among people of different regions, which of the following effects was most prominent?
Answer: C
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Solution:
When people from different regions come into contact, not only goods but also ideas, traditions, languages, and technologies are exchanged. This process is extremely important for cultural development. In ancient times, people traveled for various reasons such as trade, war, religious purposes, and search for livelihood.
During these journeys, they carried their ideas and traditions with them, leading to cultural interaction between regions. As a result, diversity and richness in society increased.
This question is based on understanding that human interaction is not limited to the material level but also serves as a means of cultural and intellectual development. Therefore, the correct answer is option C.
(NCERT Class 6, Chapter 1)