Table of Contents
Chapter 4. What Books and Burials Tell Us
1. How many types of Vedas are there?
Answer: C
The Vedas are considered the most important religious texts of ancient Indian civilization and Vedic culture. The word ‘Veda’ is derived from the Sanskrit root ‘Vid’, which means knowledge. The Vedas are regarded as some of the oldest literary sources of human civilization. Vedic literature is mainly divided into four parts — Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda.
• Rigveda is considered the oldest Veda and contains hymns dedicated to various deities.
• Samaveda is mainly related to music and singing, and the hymns of Rigveda are presented in musical form in it.
• Yajurveda contains the methods of sacrifices and religious rituals.
• Atharvaveda includes मंत्र related to magic, medicine, folk beliefs, and daily life.
During the Vedic period, these Vedas were transmitted through oral tradition from generation to generation. Later, they were given written form. The Vedas are important sources for the study of Indian culture, philosophy, religion, and social system.
(CLASS-6 CHAPTER-4 PAGE NO.-33)
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2. Which of the following statements regarding the Vedas is correct?
I. The oldest Veda is the ‘Rigveda’.
II. Rigveda contains more than one thousand prayers.
III. Rigveda was composed around 3500 years ago.
IV. Rigveda was written in the Brahmi script.
Code:-
Answer: D
Vedic literature forms an important foundation of Indian history and culture. Among the Vedas, Rigveda is considered the oldest Veda. It is a collection of hymns and prayers dedicated to various deities. Therefore, statement I is correct.
Rigveda contains more than one thousand hymns or prayers, composed by sages. These hymns praise deities such as Agni, Indra, and Soma. Therefore, statement II is also correct.
According to historians, Rigveda was composed around 3500 years ago. It represents the early phase of the Vedic period. Therefore, statement III is also correct.
Statement IV is incorrect because early Vedic literature was preserved through oral tradition. Rigveda was not initially written in the Brahmi script. Vedic hymns were memorized through the guru-shishya tradition.
The language of Rigveda was Vedic Sanskrit, which was somewhat different from later Sanskrit. During the Vedic age, oral tradition was more important than written tradition.
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3. Sanskrit is considered a language of which language family?
Answer: B
Sanskrit is one of the oldest and most important languages of Indian civilization and culture. According to linguists, Sanskrit belongs to the Indo-European language family. This language family is considered one of the largest language families in the world, with languages spoken across many countries in Asia and Europe.
Several Indian languages such as Hindi, Assamese, Gujarati, Kashmiri, and Sindhi belong to this language family. In addition, European languages such as English, French, German, Greek, Italian, and Spanish are also part of the same family.
Many similarities in words and sounds can be found among these languages. For example, the Sanskrit word ‘Mātṛ’, the Hindi word ‘Maa’, and the English word ‘Mother’ indicate a common origin.
The importance of Sanskrit is not limited to language alone; it is also the foundation of Indian religious, philosophical, and literary traditions. Vedas, Upanishads, Ramayana, Mahabharata, and many Puranas were composed in Sanskrit.
Option A is incorrect because the Dravidian language family includes languages such as Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, and Malayalam. Option C is also incorrect because the Austro-Asiatic family includes languages like Santhali and Mundari.
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4. Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, and Malayalam belong to which language family?
Answer: A
India is a country of linguistic diversity where languages belonging to different language families are spoken. Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, and Malayalam are major languages of South India and all belong to the Dravidian language family. The Dravidian language family is considered one of the oldest language families in India.
Tamil is regarded as an extremely ancient language with a literary history dating back thousands of years. Telugu is also called the “Italian of the East” because of its melodious sounds.
Kannada and Malayalam also possess rich literary and cultural traditions. Languages of the Dravidian family are mainly spoken in South India, whereas most North Indian languages belong to the Indo-European family.
Option B is incorrect because Prakrit was a group of ancient Indian vernacular languages. Option C is incorrect because the Indo-European family includes Hindi, Sanskrit, English, etc. Option D is also incorrect because the Austro-Asiatic family includes languages like Santhali and Mundari.
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5. The languages spoken in Jharkhand and central India belong to which language family?
Answer: D
Different language families are spoken in different regions of India. The languages spoken in many parts of Jharkhand and central India are considered part of the Austro-Asiatic language family. This language family is one of the ancient linguistic traditions of India.
Major languages of this family include Santhali, Mundari, Ho, and Kharia. These languages are mainly spoken by tribal communities. They have unique sounds, vocabulary, and cultural traditions that distinguish them from other language families.
The Austro-Asiatic language family is not limited to India alone; its languages are also spoken in some parts of Southeast Asia. In India, this language family is especially prominent in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and parts of central India.
Option A is incorrect because Dravidian languages are mainly spoken in South India. Option B is incorrect because Prakrit is not a modern language family. Option C is also incorrect because the Indo-European family includes Hindi, Sanskrit, and other North Indian languages.
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6. Consider the following statements:
I. The Rigveda was recited and heard, not read.
II. The Rigveda contains a dialogue between the sage Vishvamitra and two rivers, Ganga and Sindhu, worshipped as goddesses.
Which of the following statements is correct?
Answer: A
The Rigveda is considered the oldest Veda of ancient India and an important source of Vedic literature. In the early period, the Vedas were not preserved in written form. Knowledge was transmitted from one generation to another through the oral tradition. Teachers recited the Vedas, and students memorized them by listening carefully. Therefore, the Rigveda was recited and heard rather than read. Many centuries later, the Vedas were preserved in written form for the first time.
The second statement is incorrect because the Rigveda contains a dialogue between the sage Vishvamitra and two rivers worshipped as goddesses — Beas and Sutlej, not Ganga and Sindhu. Some hymns of the Rigveda are written in dialogue form, where natural forces are presented as deities. This shows that the people of the Vedic age respected and worshipped the powers of nature.
The Rigveda is an important source for understanding the religious, social, and cultural life of Vedic society. It contains hymns praising natural elements such as Agni, Indra, Soma, and rivers. Due to the oral tradition, correct pronunciation of the Vedas was considered extremely important, and special training was given for it.
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7. In the Rigveda, a conversation with the Sutlej and Beas rivers is associated with which sage?
Answer: A
Many hymns in the Rigveda are written in dialogue form. These include conversations between deities, sages, and different elements of nature. One famous hymn describes a dialogue between the sage Vishvamitra and two rivers worshipped as goddesses — Beas and Sutlej.
This dialogue shows that the people of the Vedic period did not consider rivers merely as sources of water, but respected them as divine beings. Rivers were the main basis of agriculture, drinking water, animal husbandry, and travel during that period. Therefore, they also held great religious importance.
Vishvamitra was one of the major sages of the Vedic age. Many hymns of the Rigveda are believed to have been composed by him. The dialogue between him and the rivers reflects the poetic style of Vedic literature and the tradition of nature worship.
Option B is incorrect because Soma refers to a deity and a special sacred drink. Options C and D are characters from the Mahabharata period and are not related to this Vedic context.
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8. Which two rivers are presented as goddesses in the Rigveda?
Answer: D
In the Rigveda, different elements of nature are presented as gods and goddesses. The life of Vedic society was closely connected with nature, so rivers, fire, air, and the sun were given special importance.
In one hymn of the Rigveda, the Sutlej and Beas rivers are presented as goddesses. A dialogue between these rivers and the sage Vishvamitra is mentioned. This dialogue reflects the religious beliefs of that time and the deep respect people had for nature.
Rivers were the foundation of life in Vedic society. People settled near rivers, practiced agriculture, and carried out animal husbandry there. Therefore, rivers were considered sacred and respected as goddesses.
The importance of Ganga and Yamuna increased more in later periods, but in this particular Rigvedic context, the Sutlej and Beas rivers are mentioned. The study of Vedic literature also shows that people of that period had a deep connection with nature and the environment.
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9. When was the work of printing the Rigveda on paper completed?
Answer: B
The Rigveda is considered the most important Vedic text of ancient India. In the early period, it was preserved not in written form but through oral tradition. Teachers recited the Vedas to their students, and the students memorized them by listening carefully. This tradition continued for many centuries.
Later, manuscripts of the Rigveda were prepared. One important manuscript was found in Kashmir and was written on the bark of the birch tree (Bhojpatra). About 150 years ago, this manuscript was used to print the Rigveda for the first time. Based on this manuscript, an English translation of the Rigveda was also prepared. Today, this manuscript is preserved in a library in Pune, Maharashtra.
This fact shows that both oral and written traditions were used in India to preserve ancient knowledge. The Rigveda is not only a religious text but also an important source for understanding Vedic society, culture, language, and lifestyle.
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10. Select the correct statement from the following:
I. The Rigveda contains many prayers for obtaining cattle, children, and horses.
II. Battles were fought to obtain cattle and for lands that were fertile and had good pastures.
III. In most wars, both men and women participated, and they also had a permanent army.
Code:-
Answer: A
The Rigveda provides important information about the social and economic life of the Vedic period. During that time, cattle were considered extremely important and were regarded as the main source of wealth. The Rigveda mentions many prayers for obtaining cattle, children especially sons, and horses. Horses were used for warfare and chariots, so they were highly valued.
In Vedic society, conflicts also took place over fertile land and good pastures. Battles were fought among different groups to obtain cattle and establish control over grazing lands. Land suitable for agriculture and with sufficient grass for animals was considered very valuable. Some wars were also fought over water sources and to capture people.
The third statement is incorrect because most wars were mainly fought by men. At that time, there was no permanent army. People formed groups and fought whenever necessary. Members of society held assemblies to discuss matters related to war and peace. They selected their chief on the basis of bravery and military skill.
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11. In the Rigveda, which two groups were classified on the basis of work?
Answer: D
The Rigveda gives information that some groups in Vedic society were classified on the basis of their functions. Among them, two important groups were the priests and the kings.
The priests conducted religious rituals and sacrifices. They were sometimes called Brahmins. They possessed knowledge of sacred hymns and were responsible for preserving religious traditions. They were highly respected in society because religious activities were considered very important.
The other important group was that of the king. The main duty of the king was to protect the people, lead wars, and maintain order in society. In Vedic society, a king was expected to be strong and brave. People selected their chief or king on the basis of military skill and leadership ability.
This classification was different from the later rigid caste system. At that time, society had not yet become completely divided into a strict varna system. People’s roles were decided mainly according to their work and responsibilities.
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12. For what purpose were horses mainly used during the Rigvedic period?
Answer: B
Horses held a very important place during the Rigvedic period. They were considered symbols of strength, speed, and military power. At that time, the chariot was the main means of warfare, and horses were used to pull these chariots. Therefore, good horses were considered highly valuable in Vedic society.
The Rigveda contains many prayers for obtaining horses. In wars, the speed and strength of chariots played an important role in achieving victory. Because of horses, warriors could move quickly across the battlefield and launch effective attacks against enemies.
Horses were not only used for transportation but also for displaying political and military power. Groups possessing more horses and chariots were considered more powerful.
Options A and C are incorrect because during the Rigvedic period, the main use of horses was pulling war chariots. Games like polo belong to later periods.
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13. Which term was used for the people or the entire community during the Rigvedic period?
Answer: D
During the Rigvedic period, several terms were used to describe society and community. Among them, “Jan” and “Vish” were two important terms. The word “Jan” was used for the whole community or group of people. This word is still used in Hindi and other Indian languages today.
Another important term was “Vish”, from which the later term “Vaishya” developed. The Rigveda contains references such as “Puru-Jan”, “Bharata-Jan”, and “Yadu-Jan”, which refer to different communities and groups. Similarly, the word “Vish” was also used in the sense of a group or community of people.
Rigvedic society was mainly organized on a tribal basis. People lived in small groups and had their own chiefs. Members of the community collectively participated in wars, cattle rearing, agriculture, and religious activities. Collective life was considered very important for maintaining unity in society.
Option C is incorrect because the term “Dasyu” was used for people whom the Aryans considered their opponents. These people did not perform Vedic sacrifices and probably spoke different languages.
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14. Which of the following statements is false?
I. The people who composed the prayers in the Rigveda were called Aryas.
II. In the Rigveda, the terms Vish and Jan were used for the whole community.
III. In the Rigvedic period, after the death of a king, his son automatically became the ruler.
IV. Dasyus were people who did not perform sacrifices, and Aryas used to call their opponents Dasyus.
Code:-
Answer: C
The Rigveda provides important information about Vedic society, politics, and social relations. The people who composed the prayers and hymns of the Rigveda sometimes referred to themselves as Aryas. They called their opponents Dasas or Dasyus. Dasyus were considered people who did not perform Vedic sacrifices and probably spoke different languages.
The terms “Jan” and “Vish” were used in the Rigveda for the whole community or group of people. These terms are important for understanding the social organization of that period. Different communities were also referred to as “Bharata-Jan”, “Puru-Jan”, etc.
The third statement is false because kingship during the Rigvedic period was not completely hereditary. A king was not chosen solely on the basis of birth. People selected a brave and capable person as their chief or king. Therefore, it is incorrect to say that the son of a king automatically became the ruler after the king’s death.
Institutions such as the Sabha and Samiti were also important in Rigvedic society, where people discussed important matters. This shows that the system of governance at that time was not completely autocratic.
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15. What were the people who composed prayers in the Rigveda called?
Answer: B
The Rigveda is considered one of the oldest texts in the world and contains many hymns and prayers. The people who composed these prayers sometimes referred to themselves as “Aryas.” The term “Arya” was used for the community that followed Vedic traditions.
In the Rigveda, the Aryas composed many hymns in praise of deities such as Agni, Indra, and Soma. These people considered sacrifices and religious rituals extremely important. They called their opponents “Dasas” or “Dasyus.” Dasyus were people who did not perform Vedic sacrifices and probably spoke different languages.
Although rishis and priests also had important roles in Vedic society, in the given context the term “Arya” was used for the people who composed the prayers. Oral tradition was highly developed in Vedic society, and these prayers were preserved through memorization from generation to generation.
The Rigveda was not only a religious text but also an important source of information about the society, wars, cattle rearing, agriculture, and political life of that period.
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16. When did the practice of building megaliths begin?
Answer: A
In Indian history, the Megalithic Culture is considered an important phase. The word “Megalith” is made up of two words — “Mega” meaning large and “Lith” meaning stone. In this culture, large stones were used for constructing graves and memorials.
The practice of building megaliths began about 3000 years ago. These large stones were placed at burial sites of dead people. This indicates that people of that time believed in life after death and tried to preserve the memory of the dead.
This practice was mainly prevalent in the Deccan region, South India, North-East India, and Kashmir. Archaeologists have discovered iron tools, pottery, ornaments, and other objects from these sites. These objects were buried along with the dead, suggesting that people believed such items might be needed after death as well.
The Megalithic Culture also reflects the social and technological progress of that period. Cutting, transporting, and arranging huge stones was not an easy task. This shows that society had already developed labor organization and technical knowledge.
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17. Which of the following statements are correct?
I. Circularly arranged stones and sometimes a single standing stone have been found in megaliths, indicating graves beneath the ground.
II. Megalithic stones were carefully placed by people at burial sites.
III. Dead bodies were buried with special kinds of metal vessels.
Code:-
Answer: B
The Megalithic Culture is an important phase of Indian history in which large stones were used to mark burial sites. The word “Megalith” itself means “large stones.” Archaeologists have found stones arranged in circular patterns at many such sites. Sometimes a large single standing stone is also found, indicating graves beneath the ground. Therefore, statement I is correct.
Statement II is also correct because megalithic stones were placed in a very systematic manner at burial sites. Their purpose was not only to bury the dead but also to preserve their memory. At many places, stones were arranged in circles so that the graves could easily be identified.
Statement III is incorrect because the dead were generally buried with special types of pottery known as Black and Red Ware. Iron tools, weapons, ornaments, and other objects were also placed with them. The question mentions “metal vessels,” which is not correct.
Objects found at megalithic sites show that people of that time had developed religious beliefs, respect for the dead, and social traditions. These sites provide historians with important information about the life, technology, and social structure of that period.
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18. Select the correct statement regarding social inequalities:
I. In one megalithic grave, 33 gold beads and shells were found, while another grave contained only pottery.
II. Members of the same family were buried at the same place at different times. People who died later were buried through a “port-hole” into the graves.
Code:-
Answer: C
Archaeological evidence from the Megalithic Culture clearly shows the existence of social inequalities in society during that period. Some graves contained highly valuable objects, while others contained only ordinary items. This suggests that all people did not have the same economic and social status.
At megalithic sites such as Brahmagiri, one grave contained 33 gold beads and shells, while other graves contained only pottery. This indicates that some people were wealthier and more influential, whereas others lived ordinary lives. Therefore, statement I is correct.
Sometimes more than one skeleton has been found in megalithic graves. This suggests that members of the same family may have been buried at the same place at different times. People who died later were placed into the graves through a special opening called a “port-hole.” Therefore, statement II is also correct.
The study of megalithic graves also shows that people made special efforts to preserve the memory of the dead. Large stones were placed above graves so that they could be identified. Along with the dead, daily-use items, weapons, and ornaments were also buried.
These findings help historians understand the social structure, economic differences, and religious beliefs of that period.
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19. Which of the following is the oldest Veda?
Answer: C
The Vedas hold a very important place in Indian history and Vedic literature. They are considered the oldest literary works of Indian civilization. There are four Vedas — Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda. Among these, the Rigveda is considered the oldest Veda. According to historians, it was composed around 3500 years ago. The Rigveda contains more than one thousand hymns dedicated to various gods and goddesses.
The hymns of the Rigveda are mainly related to natural forces. Gods such as Agni, Indra, Soma, Vayu, and Varuna are praised in it. The people of that time considered nature extremely important and worshipped forces like rain, fire, and the sun as deities. The Rigveda provides information about the social, religious, and political life of that period.
The Samaveda is mainly associated with music and chanting, while the Yajurveda contains rituals and sacrificial procedures. The Atharvaveda includes hymns related to daily life, medicines, and magical practices. However, among all these, the Rigveda was composed first.
This question is based on understanding the order and historical importance of Vedic literature. Therefore, the correct answer is option C, Rigveda.
CLASS-6 CHAPTER-4 PAGE NO.-33
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20. What is the meaning of the word “Sukta” in the Rigveda?
Answer: B
The prayers and hymns compiled in the Rigveda are called “Suktas.” The word “Sukta” means “well-spoken.” It is derived from Sanskrit, where “Su” means good and “Ukta” means spoken. Thus, Sukta means well-spoken words or prayers.
The Rigveda contains more than one thousand Suktas. These hymns were composed by sages. They praised various gods and goddesses and prayed for rain, cattle, children, victory in wars, and prosperity. The Suktas were recited in a special manner. During that period, they were not written down. Instead, teachers made their students memorize them by oral recitation. Therefore, the Vedic tradition is also known as the Shruti tradition.
Suktas were not only religious prayers but also important sources for understanding the society and culture of that time. Through them, we learn about the lives of Vedic people, their beliefs, their attitude toward nature, and their social system.
Options A, C, and D are incorrect because the word Sukta is related to Vedic prayers, not war, places of worship, or rituals. Therefore, the correct answer is option B.
CLASS-6 CHAPTER-4 PAGE NO.-33
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21. Which of the following statements is correct regarding Rigvedic society?
I. Rigvedic people considered cattle rearing extremely important.
II. Cows were considered the main source of wealth.
III. People lived in permanent cities with huge stone palaces.
Code:-
Answer: B
Rigvedic society was mainly rural and pastoral in nature. Animals held special importance in people’s lives. Cows, in particular, were considered symbols of wealth and prosperity. A person’s social status was often judged by the number of cattle he possessed. This is why the Rigveda frequently mentions prayers for cows, horses, and other animals.
Rigvedic people also practiced agriculture, but cattle rearing formed the main basis of their economy. Cows provided milk, ghee, and other useful products. One major objective of wars was also to capture cattle. Because of this, the term “Gavishti” was sometimes used to mean war.
Statement III is incorrect because Rigvedic society was not an urban civilization. By that time, the developed cities of the Harappan Civilization had declined, and people lived in small villages and tribal groups. The Rigveda does not mention huge stone palaces or advanced cities. People lived in ordinary houses and temporary settlements.
Thus, statements I and II are correct, while statement III is incorrect. Therefore, the correct answer is option B.
CLASS-6 CHAPTER-4 PAGE NO.-36
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22. Match the following correctly:
List-I List-II
a. Rigveda 1. About 3000 years ago
b. Megalith 2. Shruti tradition
c. Dasyu 3. Graves marked with large stones
d. Jana 4. Entire community
Code:-
Answer: A
Terms related to the Rigvedic and Megalithic periods are very important for understanding the early societies and civilizations of India. The Rigveda is considered the oldest Veda of ancient India. Its knowledge was passed from generation to generation through oral transmission. Teachers recited the hymns to students, who memorized them. Therefore, it is associated with the Shruti tradition. Hence, a-2 is correct.
The term “Megalith” means large stones. In ancient times, burial places of the dead were marked with huge stones. These stones were placed to preserve the identity and memory of the graves. Therefore, b-3 is the correct match.
The term “Dasyu” was used in the Rigveda for people who were considered opponents of the Aryas. It was often used for enemy or rival groups. In the question, it is associated with traditions from around 3000 years ago, so c-1 is considered appropriate.
The word “Jana” was used for the entire community or group of people. In Rigvedic society, Jana was an important social unit. Therefore, d-4 is correct.
Thus, the correct matching is a-2, b-3, c-1, d-4. Therefore, the correct answer is option A.
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23. Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the Megalithic Culture?
I. Megalithic graves were marked with large stones.
II. Objects of daily use were buried along with the dead.
III. Megalithic culture was limited only to North India.
IV. Iron tools and weapons have also been found in the graves.
Code:-
Answer: A
The Megalithic Culture was an important cultural tradition in Indian history associated with a special type of burial practice. The word “Megalith” means “large stones.” Huge stones were placed to identify graves and preserve their memory. Archaeologists have found stones arranged in circular patterns at several sites, while at some places large single standing stones have also been discovered. Therefore, statement I is correct.
Objects found in megalithic graves clearly show that articles used by the dead were buried along with them. Pottery, iron weapons, tools, remains of horses, stones, and gold ornaments have been found in these graves. This suggests that people either believed in life after death or wanted to show the social status of the deceased. Therefore, statements II and IV are also correct.
Statement III is incorrect because the Megalithic Culture was not limited only to North India. Evidence of this culture has been found in the Deccan region, South India, North-East India, and Kashmir as well. In particular, many important megalithic sites have been discovered in South India. This shows that the culture was spread over a wide geographical area.
Thus, only statement III is incorrect. Therefore, the correct answer is option A.
CLASS-6 CHAPTER-4 PAGE NO.-37 & 38
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24. Arrange the following events in chronological order:
1. Composition of the Rigveda
2. Beginning of the Megalithic tradition
3. First writing of the Rigveda
4. First printing of the Rigveda
Code:-
Answer: A
To understand major events of ancient Indian history, it is important to know their chronological order. The earliest event was the composition of the Rigveda. The Rigveda is considered the oldest Veda of India and was composed around 3500 years ago. Initially, it was not preserved in written form. Teachers recited it orally to students, who memorized it. This oral tradition is known as the “Shruti tradition.” Therefore, the composition of the Rigveda comes first in chronology.
After this, around 3000 years ago, the Megalithic tradition developed. During this period, burial places of the dead began to be marked with large stones. Evidence of Megalithic Culture has been found in the Deccan, South India, Kashmir, and North-East India. Objects found in the graves provide information about the social and economic conditions of that time. Therefore, the Megalithic tradition comes after the composition of the Rigveda.
For many centuries, the Rigveda remained preserved only in oral form. Later, it was written down for the first time. Manuscripts written on birch bark were discovered for this purpose. Much later, around 150 years ago, the Rigveda was printed for the first time. Printing made it more widely accessible and easier to study.
Thus, the correct chronological order is 1 → 2 → 3 → 4. Therefore, the correct answer is option A.
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25. Match the following correctly:
List-I List-II
a. Rigveda 1. Graves marked with large stones
b. Megalith 2. Oldest Veda
c. Sukta 3. Well-spoken
d. Shruti 4. Tradition of memorizing by listening
Code:-
Answer: A
To understand ancient Indian history and Vedic culture, knowledge of some important terms and concepts is necessary. The Rigveda is considered the oldest Veda of India. It was composed around 3500 years ago and contains hymns dedicated to various gods and goddesses. Therefore, the correct match for Rigveda is “Oldest Veda,” meaning a-2 is correct.
The word “Megalith” means “large stones.” In the Megalithic Culture, burial places of the dead were marked with huge stones. These stones were placed to preserve the identity and memory of the graves. Therefore, b-1 is the correct match.
The term “Sukta” is used for the hymns of the Rigveda. It means “well-spoken.” These hymns were composed by sages and recited in a special manner. Therefore, c-3 is correct.
The word “Shruti” means “to hear.” During the Vedic period, knowledge was not preserved in written form. Teachers made students memorize hymns by recitation and listening. This oral tradition is known as the “Shruti tradition.” Therefore, d-4 is correct.
Thus, the correct matching is a-2, b-1, c-3, d-4. Therefore, the correct answer is option A.
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